Research Paper

Hillery Casey

Terry Elliott

English 300-006

April 30, 2008

Autism: Is there a treatment?

What if before the age of three your child was diagnosis with a disorder? What would you do? What it you knew that there was no cure for this disorder? Well approximately 24,000 children are diagnosis with a disorder called autism every year. (Schoenstadt)

Autism is the pervasive developmental disorder characterized by severe deficits in social interaction and communication, by an extremely limited range of activities and interests, and often by the presence of repetitive, stereotyped behaviors. The first signs of autism begin typically before age three. Although treatment has greatly improved over the past few decades, autism can’t be cured, and continues throughout life. It can range in severity from mild cases where people can live on their own to severe forms where they require social and medical support their entire life. Three to six of every 1,000 children have autism. The disorder occurs three to four times more often in boys than in girls.

A few possible causes of autism are through physical traits, such as, genetics, infection, and traumatic factors. Women who get viral infections during the first trimester of pregnancy have been known to cause autism and children with Fragile X syndrome and tuberous sclerosis are known to have a greater risk also. But no one knows for sure what causes autism.

Signs and symptoms of autism include, children with autism usually have problems with three main areas of development social skills, language, and behavior. Children with the most severe cases of autism have complete inability of communication or interaction with other people.

Some problems in the area of social skills could be that they fail to respond to his or her name, has poor eye contact, appears not to hear you at times, resists cuddling and holding, appears unaware of others’ feelings, and seems to prefer to play alone.

Language problems consists of starting to talk later than other children, loses previously acquired ability to say words or sentences, does not make eye conduct when making requests, speaks with an abnormal tone or rhythm such as a singsong voice or robot-like speech, can not start a conversation or keep one going, and may repeat words or phases verbatim, but doesn’t understand how to use them.

Some signs of behavioral problems are they perform repetitive movements such as rocking, spinning, or hand-flapping, develops specific routines or rituals, becomes disturbed at the slightest change in routines or rituals, moves constantly, may be fascinated by parts or objects, such as the spinning wheels of a toy car, and may be unusually sensitive to light, sound, or touch.

There was a survey done in London, UK that surveyed almost 1,300 parents for an autistic study. This survey was focusing on the views of the parents about the diagnosis process. Their children were ages 2 to 49 years old and it collected data on the age that the diagnosis was made and the time it took to obtain the diagnosis. The overall results showed that children were being diagnosis earlier than previous decades, but the average age was still age six. (Howlin and Moorf)

I believe that behavioral therapy is the best way to treat autistic children right now, even though there is not a specific treatment that fits every autistic child. But, what is the best treatment for autism even though there is not a cure? Is there a specific one or could there be many?

Due to the high rate of success behavioral therapy is becoming a very popular way to treat autism. Behavioral therapy puts emphasis on good behavior and allows the child to be rewarded for it, therefore they will be motivated to continue with the good behavior and it quickly lets the child know what behavior is inappropriate and it will not be encouraged. Within the behavioral therapy program there are four sections, a structured daily routine, behavioral control, communication, and applied behavior analysis. Children with autism will often use extreme behavior, such as, throwing a temper tantrum, self injurious behavior, aggression, and agitation. A structured daily routine is very important for an autistic child because autistic children do not respond well to changes and with a daily routine it gives them an idea of what to except for the day.

Next, is behavioral control, parents must be able to handle their child when they have these temper tantrums. But you must keep three things in mind when dealing with an autistic child. You must deal with the behaviors that may be dangerous to the child or to someone else first. You must use firm words and actions when doing this and try not to show any anger. Next, you need to teach your child how to sit down because this is sometimes difficult for them to do on their own. The best way to do this is to reward them for sitting down. Last, many autistic children have weird and repetitive behaviors, such as, rocking and finger flapping. Many of these behaviors will make you want to tell them to “stop”, but you must not do that. Instead, give them something else to do that will get them away from that distracting behavior.

Third section is communication. It is very important to talk to your children using short and clear sentences and this can be in a direct and simple way. Doing this will help you insure them and will not be confusing.

The last section of behavioral therapy is applied behavior analysis or ABA. This is just simply breaking down tasks into individual components. ABA has a success rate of 47%.

These sections of behavioral therapy will not cure a child from autism, but will help them to cope with the disorder. (Autism- Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention)

A couple other treatments for autism other than behavioral or communication therapy are drug therapies and complementary approaches. Drug therapies use things such as stimulants to help with hyperactivity and antipsychotic drugs will sometimes help with repetitive and aggressive behaviors. However, there is not a medication that will help with the direct signs of autism. Complementary approaches uses things like art therapy, music therapy, special diets, vitamin and mineral supplements and sensory integration. Therapies such as these focus on reducing a child’s hypersensitivity to touch or sound. (MayoClinic.com)

Western Kentucky University offers a program that I am sure many people do not even know about called Kelly Autism Program. Kelly Autism Program or KAP program goals are educational support through IEP assistance, classroom adaptations and tutoring, community involvement through active participation in community activities and the KAP ‘signature’ Christmas card project, social and leisure activities scheduled by the Teen council, job coaching along a continuum of support, and parent support/information through the Advisory Board, KAP website, “Dinner and Conversation” socials and Fact Sheets. They have four different levels of programs. Elementary Program helps develops concepts and skills in academic, social, and emotional areas through supported learning and social activities. The Middle School Program helps foster self-concept and skill growth as a result of educational support, social programming and community involvement. High School Program continues growth in self-concept and skills through participation in Teen Council, community involvement and job placement with varying levels of education and social supports. Last, the Post Secondary Program helps support a young post-secondary adult in a variety of placements including work and/or education placement. KAP also assists in social skills training and opportunities. (Kelly Autism Program) The Kelly Autism Program uses the best practice strategies to provide educational, recreational, and employment opportunities to participants and their families.

Communication disorders majors’ deals with training students in the knowledge and skills underlying communication sciences and disorders. This can be in varied settings from a school to a hospital to a nursing home. In each setting you will deal with people who have a disorder such as autism or someone who has had a stroke or even someone who is having to be taught how the speak again. (Department of Communication Disorders)

Works Cited

"Autism: Signs and Symptoms." MayoClinic.Com. 2 June 2006. 23 Mar. 2008 .

"Autism- Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention." 20 Mar. 2008 .

"Autism: Treatment." MayoClinic.Com. 2 June 2006. 11 Apr. 2008 .

"Autism." Dictionary.Com. 23 Mar. 2008 .

"Autism." MayoClinic.Com. 2 June 2006. 23 Mar. 2008 .

"Department of Communication Disorders." Western Kentucky University. 23 Mar. 2008

Howlin, Patricia, and Anna Moorf, comps. Diagnosis in Autism: a Survey of Over 1200 Patients in the UK. 1 Nov. 1997. 10 Apr. 2008 .

Kelly Autism Program.

Leong, Sandra K. "Behavioral Therapy for Autism: an Overview." 23 Mar. 2008 .

Schoenstadt, Md, Arthur. "Autism Statistics." MEDTV. 9 Apr. 2008 .

Research Proposal

Introduction:

Autism is the pervasive developmental disorder characterized by severe deficits in social interaction and communication, by an extremely limited range of activities and interests, and often by the presence of repetitive, stereotyped behaviors. The first signs of autism begin typically before age three. Although treatment has greatly improved over the past few decades, autism can not be cured, and continues throughout life.

Three to six of every 1,000 children have autism. The disorder occurs three to four times more often in boys than in girls.

Signs and symptoms of autism: Children with autism usually have problems with three main areas of development social skills, language, and behavior. Children with the most severe cases of autism have complete inability of communication or interact with other people.

Some problems in the area of social skills could be fails to respond to his or her name, has poor eye contact, appears not to hear you at times, resist cuddling and holding, appears, unaware of others’ feelings, and seems to prefer to play alone.

Language problems consists of starts talking later than other children, loses previously acquired ability to say words or sentences, does not make eye conduct when making requests, speaks with an abnormal tone or rhythm such as a singsong voice or robot-like speech, can not keep start a conversation or keep one going, and may repeat words or phases verbatim, but doesn’t understand how to use them.

Some signs of behavioral problems are performs repetitive movements such as rocking, spinning, or hand-flapping, develops specific routines or rituals, becomes disturbed at the slightest change in routines or rituals, moves constantly, may be fascinated by parts or objects, such as the spinning wheels of a toy car, and may be unusually sensitive to light, sound, or touch.

Thesis: I believe that behavioral therapy is the best way to treat autistic children right now, even though there is not a specific treatment that fits every autistic child.

The research questions: What is the best treatment for autism even though there is not a cure? Is there a specific one or could there be many?

The methods:

Continue to find information about treatments: behavioral therapy

Internet, library

Visit Kelly Autism Program at WKU

The timeline:

This week: find more information about topic and continue to add to proposal

Next week: start putting information into a structure/ organize

A conclusion: A communication disorders major deals with training students in the knowledge and skills underlying communication sciences and disorders. This can be in a setting from a school to a hospital to a nursing home. In each setting you will deal with people that have a disorder such as autism or someone who has had a stroke or even someone who is having to be taught how the speak again.

Works Cited

"Autism: Signs and Symptoms." MayoClinic.Com. 2 June 2006. 23 Mar. 2008 .

"Autism." Dictionary.Com. 23 Mar. 2008 .

"Autism." MayoClinic.Com. 2 June 2006. 23 Mar. 2008 .

"Department of Communication Disorders." Western Kentucky University. 23 Mar. 2008

Critique

This article discusses the common types of speech and language disorders. There are between 3 to 6 million children in the United States with speech and language disorders. It is difficult to pinpoint an exact diagnosis during the first visit or two with a toddler, but there are many common communications difficulties at this age. “Waiting until your child is school age to see if he will “outgrow” a problem puts him at a serious disadvantage, especially when it comes to communication difficulties”.

One type of disorder is “apraxia is a neurological speech disorder that affects a child’s ability to plan, execute, and sequence the movements of the mouth necessary for intelligible speech.” Many children with this also have difficulty with sensory integration, or how he processes information from all of his senses.

Another type is “phonological disorder is difficulty with the “rules” or “patterns” for combining sounds intelligibly in speech in English.” Examples of this would be leaving off consonant sounds that precede a vowel, producing only one syllable in a multisyllabic word, and simplifying a multisyllabic word to a duplicated pattern.

A third type is “articulation disorder is difficulty with the production or pronunciation of speech sounds.” This is difficulty with an isolated sound such as substituting /w/ for /r/, or “st”.

A fourth type is “an auditory processing disorder is difficulty with listening to, receiving, analyzing, and organizing, storing, and retrieving information.” With auditory processing disorder children may have difficulty paying attention to what someone is saying or difficulty following directions when there is background noise or when they are more focused on something else.

A fifth type is “dysarthria is a neurological speech disorder that affects a child’s muscle tone.” This is present in children with Down Syndrome, cerebral palsy, or any other condition that causes “low tone”. Weakness will be seen in the muscles used for speech which include lips, tongue, soft palate, and cheeks.

A sixth type is “Dysfluency is the more professional term for stuttering.’ Many children develop the “stutter” when they move from using single words and short phases to longer sentences and/or when they are under pressure to speak.

The seventh type is “expressive language disorder is present when a child is not meeting milestones in the area of language usually involving vocabulary, combining words into phases, and beginning to use the early markings of grammar.” This disorder can and often co-exists with apraxia. With this disorder they have difficulty learning and retrieving new words and putting sentences together.

And the last type is “a receptive language disorder is difficulty understanding language”. Children with this type of disorder do not follow directions and it is not because they are being disobedient, but because they do not understand what they are being told to do.

This is a very informative article therefore there is anything for me to disagree with. It mainly explains the common types of speech and language disorders by telling what they are and what to expect from each type of disorder.

Works Cited

"Why Can’t My Child Talk? Common Types of Speech and Language Disorders." 5 Mar. 2008 .

Jing Project: Visual conversation starts here. Mac or Windows.

Jing Project: Visual conversation starts here. Mac or Windows.

Moving Research Forward

This week I have been researching more about what autism is and different ways of teaching children with autism.

Next week I am going to continue researching more about teaching methods for autistic children and ways that speech therapists help in this process.

"Top Ten Interesting 'Stuff and Things'"

1. A young woman buying a Louis Vuitton Murakami Cherry Blossom bag at a street-vendor booth. A bag that retails for about $1,500, she is likely to pay around $25.
2. “Reagan pronounced: ’Government is not the solution, government is the problem’.”
3. Four key reasons why transformations led to more cheating, New Pressures, Bigger Rewards for Winning, Temptation, and Trickle-down Corruption.
4. “If morality represents the way we would like the world to work and economics represents how it actually does work, then the story on Feldman’s bagel business lies at the very intersection of morality and economics”.
5. “In 1963 a national study determined that 81 percent of college students had engaged in some form of dishonest academic behavior; in 1993 the percentage was 83 percent”.
6. “Wealth has its privileges”.
7. Elizabeth Paige Laurie, 23, paid her roommate Elena Martinez a total of $20,000 to write her papers and help her prepare for tests.
8. “Pushed by pressures to succeed and armed with the latest technology, a growing number of today’s students seem to feel less and less reluctant to borrow rather than create”.
9. Downloading from the internet is the most common form of cheating today.
10. Teachers now look for student with one arm on the desk and one arm under it, using their cell phones.

Research Question...

How do communication disorders affect children?

Summary "You're 16, You're Beautiful and You're a Voter"

By: Anya Kamenetz, a staff writer for fast Company, is the author of "Generation Debt."

Legal age limits should never stand alone. They should always be flexible and paired with educational and cognitive requirements to decide the legal maturity. Driving laws show the best model for combining early beginnings and mandatory education. Many states already have a successful gradual phase in the driving rights of 16-year-olds, starting with their learners permit.

Like the driving laws 16-year-olds who would like to start voting should be able to obtain an “early voting permit” from their high school upon passing a simple civics course, which is similar to the citizenship test.

Sixteen is a good starting point for phasing in adult rights and responsibilities, from voting to drinking to marriage. The law ought to allow the young people decide this openly. “Surveys show that teenagers who drink at home with their families go on to drink less than those who sneak beers with friends.” Could you imagine 16-year-olds being able to receive a drinking permit after passing a mandatory alcoholism course? But it would only allow it at family gatherings or school functions for two years or until you graduated or moved out.

Also, the phasing of credit cards at 16 could work with firm restrictions. They would include a parental co-signer until the applicants have made one year of on-time payments and passing a mandatory financial literacy test, which would include questions such as defining compound interest, correctly deciphering the fine print on a credit card agreement and arguing with a customer service representative about an unnecessary fee.

“The more we treat teenagers as adults, the more they rise to our expectations.” Trying adult rights to cognitive requirements may also smooth out the bigger problems with age related social problems. We need to be able to test all Americans to make sure they are still qualified to drive and to avoid financial scammers. “From the public health point of view, the silver tsunami poses more of a threat than marauding teenagers ever did.”

Summary "Can Computers Change the Way We Think"

Everyone that answered the question about “Can computers change the way we think” believe that they do change us. Many people say that they change us by how we generate things in a much faster pace and we seem to use them for the simplest things, such as talking to people. The most important part of the computer is the internet and without it many people would feel lost. The internet makes the world available to people at their fingertips.

Lessons of 1992 (Summary)

The people are starting to feel like it is 1992 again because of the presidency and the economy. So let’s review the sad tale, starting with the politics. Whatever hopes people might have had that Mr. Clinton would usher in a new era of national unity were quickly dashed. Instead, from Day 1 they faced an all-out assault from conservatives determined to use any means at hand to discredit a Democratic president.

No accusation was considered too outlandish: a group supported by Jerry Falwell put out a film suggesting that the Clintons had arranged for the murder of an associate, and The Wall Street Journal’s editorial page repeatedly hinted that Bill Clinton might have been in cahoots with a drug smuggler. Meanwhile, though Mr. Clinton may not have run as postpartisan a campaign as legend has it; he did avoid some conflict by being strategically vague about policy. In particular, he promised health care reform, but left the business of producing an actual plan until after the election.

The failure of health care reform, in turn, doomed the Clinton presidency to second-rank status. The government was well run (something we’ve learned to appreciate now that we’ve seen what a badly run government looks like), but as Mr. Obama correctly says there was no change in the country’s fundamental trajectory. So what are the lessons for today’s Democrats? Any Democrat who makes it to the White House can expect the same treatment: an unending procession of wild charges and fake scandals, dutifully given credence by major media organizations that somehow can’t bring themselves to declare the accusations unequivocally false.

Second, the policy proposals candidates run on matter. Mr. Obama’s rejection of health insurance mandates, which are an essential element of any workable plan for universal coverage, doesn’t really matter, because by the time health care reform gets through Congress it will be very different from the president’s initial proposal anyway. If the next president doesn’t arrive with a plan that is a broadly workable outline, by the time the things get fixed the window of opportunity may well have passed. What the Democrats should do is get back to talking about issues, a focus on issues has been the great contribution of John Edwards to this campaign, and about who is best prepared to push their agenda forward.

page 218 #3: Write a blog post cataloging the sites you visit when you log onto your computer. What is your homepage? Have you personalized you homepage? What do you check first? Do you follow a pattern?



My homepage is MSN.com. It is personalized with the background color being orange, wider view on the screen, and the text is larger. When I log onto my computer I do, like most people, have certain sites that I view. First my MSN messenger will log me in automatically and if I have e-mail in my hotmail account it will pop up, so if I have e-mail in that account I will look at that. Then I will go to Facebook, MySpace, WKU, and on Western's website I look at my e-mail account then Blackboard. From there I will check out various sites depending on what I plan on doing later on that day or something new that I am waiting, such as a new purse, jacket, shoes.